"Das Abenteuer auf dem Katheder". Zur Vorlesung als rhetorische Lehrform

In diesem Beitrag wird die Vorlesung als zentrale akademische Lehrform thematisiert. Gegen vehemente Kritik an diesem Lehrverfahren wird herausgearbeitet, daß der Lehrvortrag in einer dialogischen Form unter Beachtung rhetorischer Grundregeln durchaus eine Bedeutung für die akademische Lehre besitzt. Dazu ist es allerdings notwendig, Grundform rhetorischen Handelns zu beachten und die Vorlesung als rhetorische Situation zu gestalten. Zur Professionalisierung der Hochschullehrer ist daher neben fachlichem Wissen und didaktischem Können zukünftig immer rhetorische Schulung notwendig. (DIPF/Orig.)The author discusses the lecture as a central genre of academic instruction. It is shown that - despite vehement criticism of this form of teaching - the lecture in dialogue form and in consideration of basic rhetorical rules is by all means of importance to academic Instruction. It is, however, necessary to observe fundamental forms of rhetorical action and to organize the lecture as a rhetoncal Situation. Thus, the proffessionalization of the university teachers will in future always require a rhetorical training in addition to expert knowledge and didactic abilities. (DIPF/Orig.

Desarrollo del sistema educativo alemán 1959-1990

Politically, the Federal Republic of Germany is federative in structure. Educational policy is thus the responsibility of the individual federal states (the Lander) which together constitute the republic, and is therefore not subject to central administration. This has resulted in a diversification from state to state of what is basically a uniform educational system. From the mid-sixties onwards, a comprehensive modernization of the educational system in the Federal Republic has been carried out. A system has resulted which does in large measure satisfy the demands of a modern industrial society, but which falls short of fulfilling the political requirements of a democracy committed to equality of opportunity regardless of social provenance. The reform of the educational system was accompanied by intense debate about the necessity of structural change in the system as well as about learning contents and objectives. The intensity of the debate varied, however, among the federal states, the states of Southern Germany favouring the traditional structure of the educational system, and thi s in spite of the fact that i ncrease in the speed of industrial moderni zation was greater here and its succes more complete than in the northern states. This paper delinea tes in broad outline development ofthe educational system between 1959 and 1991. It concludes by naming sorne current problems ofthe German educational system. The paper was read at the congress «Desarrollo humano y Educación» in Madrid in 1991.Políticamente, la República Federal de Alemania es de estructura federativa. La política educativa es, por lo tanto, responsabilidad de los estados federales individuales (The Länder) que juntos constituyen la república y, por lo tanto, no están sujetos a la administración central. Esto ha resultado en una diversificación de estado a estado de lo que es básicamente un sistema educativo uniforme. Desde mediados de los años sesenta, se ha llevado a cabo una modernización integral del sistema educativo en la República Federal. Ha resultado un sistema que en gran medida satisface las demandas de una sociedad industrial moderna, pero que no cumple con los requisitos políticos de una democracia comprometida con la igualdad de oportunidades independientemente de su procedencia social. La reforma del sistema educativo estuvo acompañada de un intenso debate sobre la necesidad de un cambio estructural en el sistema, así como sobre los contenidos y objetivos de aprendizaje. La intensidad del debate varió, sin embargo, entre los estados federales, los estados del sur de Alemania favorecieron la estructura tradicional del sistema educativo, y esto a pesar de que el aumento en la velocidad de la modernización industrial fue mayor aquí y su éxito fue mayor. completo que en los estados del norte. Este documento delinea, en líneas generales, el desarrollo del sistema educativo entre 1959 y 1991. Concluye mencionando algunos problemas actuales del sistema educativo alemán. El documento fue leído en el congreso «Desarrollo humano y educación» en Madrid en 1991

A Reply to My Critics: The Critical Spirit of Bourdieusian Language

Drawing on my article “Bourdieusian reflections on language: Unavoidable conditions of the real speech situation”, this paper provides a detailed response to the above commentaries by Lisa Adkins, Bridget Fowler, Michael Grenfell, David Inglis, Hans-Herbert Kögler, Steph Lawler, William Outhwaite, Derek Robbins and Bryan S. Turner. The main purpose of this “Reply to my critics” is to reflect upon the most important issues raised by these commentators and thereby contribute to a more nuanced understanding of key questions arising from Bourdieu’s analysis of language

Interplay between phosphorylation and palmitoylation mediates plasma membrane targeting and sorting of GAP43.

Phosphorylation and lipidation provide posttranslational mechanisms that contribute to the distribution of cytosolic proteins in growing nerve cells. The growth-associated protein GAP43 is susceptible to both phosphorylation and S-palmitoylation and is enriched in the tips of extending neurites. However, how phosphorylation and lipidation interplay to mediate sorting of GAP43 is unclear. Using a combination of biochemical, genetic, and imaging approaches, we show that palmitoylation is required for membrane association and that phosphorylation at Ser-41 directs palmitoylated GAP43 to the plasma membrane. Plasma membrane association decreased the diffusion constant fourfold in neuritic shafts. Sorting to the neuritic tip required palmitoylation and active transport and was increased by phosphorylation-mediated plasma membrane interaction. Vesicle tracking revealed transient association of a fraction of GAP43 with exocytic vesicles and motion at a fast axonal transport rate. Simulations confirmed that a combination of diffusion, dynamic plasma membrane interaction and active transport of a small fraction of GAP43 suffices for efficient sorting to growth cones. Our data demonstrate a complex interplay between phosphorylation and lipidation in mediating the localization of GAP43 in neuronal cells. Palmitoylation tags GAP43 for global sorting by piggybacking on exocytic vesicles, whereas phosphorylation locally regulates protein mobility and plasma membrane targeting of palmitoylated GAP43

Measurement of inclusive π0\pi^{0} production in hadronic Z0Z^{0} decays

An analysis is presented of inclusive \pi^0 production in Z^0 decays measured with the DELPHI detector. At low energies, \pi^0 decays are reconstructed by \linebreak using pairs of converted photons and combinations of converted photons and photons reconstructed in the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter (HPC). At high energies (up to x_p = 2 \cdot p_{\pi}/\sqrt{s} = 0.75) the excellent granularity of the HPC is exploited to search for two-photon substructures in single showers. The inclusive differential cross section is measured as a function of energy for {q\overline q} and {b \bar b} events. The number of \pi^0's per hadronic Z^0 event is N(\pi^0)/ Z_{had}^0 = 9.2 \pm 0.2 \mbox{(stat)} \pm 1.0 \mbox{(syst)} and for {b \bar b}~events the number of \pi^0's is {\mathrm N(\pi^0)/ b \overline b} = 10.1 \pm 0.4 \mbox{(stat)} \pm 1.1 \mbox{(syst)} . The ratio of the number of \pi^0's in b \overline b events to hadronic Z^0 events is less affected by the systematic errors and is found to be 1.09 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.01. The measured \pi^0 cross sections are compared with the predictions of different parton shower models. For hadronic events, the peak position in the \mathrm \xi_p = \ln(1/x_p) distribution is \xi_p^{\star} = 3.90^{+0.24}_{-0.14}. The average number of \pi^0's from the decay of primary \mathrm B hadrons is found to be {\mathrm N} (B \rightarrow \pi^0 \, X)/\mbox{B hadron} = 2.78 \pm 0.15 \mbox{(stat)} \pm 0.60 \mbox{(syst)}

Search for Neutral Heavy Leptons Produced in Z Decays

Weak isosinglet Neutral Heavy Leptons ($\nu_m$) have been searched for using data collected by the DELPHI detector corresponding to $3.3\times 10^{6}$ hadronic~Z$^{0}$ decays at LEP1. Four separate searches have been performed, for short-lived $\nu_m$ production giving monojet or acollinear jet topologies, and for long-lived $\nu_m$ giving detectable secondary vertices or calorimeter clusters. No indication of the existence of these particles has been found, leading to an upper limit for the branching ratio $BR($Z$^0\rightarrow \nu_m \overline{\nu})$ of about $1.3\times10^{-6}$ at 95\% confidence level for $\nu_m$ masses between 3.5 and 50 GeV/$c^2$. Outside this range the limit weakens rapidly with the $\nu_m$ mass. %Special emphasis has been given to the search for monojet--like topologies. One event %has passed the selection, in agreement with the expectation from the reaction: %$e^+e^- \rightarrow\ell \bar\ell \nu\bar\nu$. The results are also interpreted in terms of limits for the single production of excited neutrinos

Search for new phenomena using single photon events in the DELPHI detector at LEP

Data are presented on the reaction \epem~\into~\gamma + no other detected particle at center-of-mass energies, \sqs = 89.48 GeV, 91.26 GeV and 93.08 GeV. The cross section for this reaction is related directly to the number of light neutrino generations which couple to the \zz boson, and to several other phenomena such as excited neutrinos, the production of an invisible `X' particle, a possible magnetic moment of the tau neutrino, and neutral monojets. Based on the observed number of single photon events, the number of light neutrinos which couple to the \zz is measured to be N_\nu = 3.15 \pm 0.34. No evidence is found for anomalous production of energetic single photons, and upper limits at the 95\% confidence level are determined for excited neutrino production (BR < 4-9 \times 10^{-6}), production of an invisible `X' particle (\sigma < 0.1 pb), and the magnetic moment of the tau neutrino (< 5.2 \times 10^{-6} \mu_B). No event with the topology of a neutral monojet is found, and this corresponds to the limit \sigma < 0.044/\epsilon pb at the 95\% confidence level, where \epsilon is the unknown overall monojet detection efficiency

Measurement of the Bd0^{0}_{d} oscillation frequency using kaons, leptons and jet charge

A measurement of the mass difference, \Delta m_d, between the two physical \mbox{B}^0_d states has been obtained from the analysis of the impact parameter distribution of a lepton emitted at large transverse momentum (p_t) relative to the jet axis and from the analysis of the flight distance distribution of secondary vertices tagged by either a high p_t lepton or an identified kaon. In the opposite hemisphere of the event, the charge of the initial quark has been evaluated using a high p_t lepton, a charged kaon or the mean jet charge. With 1.7 million hadronic Z^0 decays recorded by DELPHI between 1991 and 1993, \Delta m_d is found to be: \Delta m_d = 0.531^{+0.050}_{-0.046} ~(stat.) \pm 0.078 ~(syst.) ~ {\mathrm{ps}}^{-1} \,